The indicators proposed in this extended list are supposed to measure performances and trends in the 20 selected key areas, and to measure progress in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda.

The indicators below are classified into five chapters of the Istanbul +5 Universal Reporting Format plus a background data section which provide basic data necessary for the calculation of other indicators:

POPULATION

1. City population: Total Population by sex and age group in: a) the metropolitan area; b) the urban agglomeration.
   
2. Birth and death rates: Crude birth and death rates are defined as births and deaths per 1000 population.
   
3. Migration rates: Net migration to and from the city : (a) within country; (b) overseas; (c) total.

HOUSEHOLDS

4. Women-headed households: number of households headed by women in the City (Urban Agglomeration) and at the national level and percentage of women-headed households in total nuimber of households.
   
5. Average household size: total population divided by total households (time series: 1986-1996).
   
6. Household formation rate: annual rate of growth of numbers of households.
   
7. Household types: Percentages of households with: (a) more than one adult and children; (b) single parent households; (c) more than one adult, no children; (d) one person only.

INCOME

8. Income distribution: annual household income by quintile, income range and average income at the city (UA) and national levels.
   
9. Household expenditures: Proportion (%) of average household income spent on : (a) food; (b) housing; (c) travel; (d) other.

ADEQUATE HOUSING FOR ALL

10. Floor area per person: median usable living space per person (m²).
    
11. Permanent structures: percentage of housing units located in structures expected to maintain their stability for 20 years or longer under local conditions with normal maintenance.
    
12. Housing in compliance: percentage of the total housing stock in compliance with current regulations.
    
13. Dwelling types: Number of : (a) detached dwellings; (b) medium density dwellings; (c) apartment; (d) total.
    
14. Households per dwelling: Defined as the ratio between the total number of households and the total number of occupied dwelling units of all types in the urban area.
    
15. Inadequate housing: Defined as the proportion of dwellings that are deemed to be inadequate or in need of major repairs.
    
16. Squatter housing: Defined as the percentage of the total housing stock in the urban area which is currently occupying land illegally.
    
17. Homelessness: Defined as the number of people per thousand of the urban area population who sleep outside dwelling units (e.g. on streets, in parks, railroad stations, and under bridges) or in temporary shelter in charitable institutions.
    
18. Owner occupancy:Defined as the percentage of (male- and female-headed) households which own the dwelling units which they occupy for : (a) all households; (b) female headed households.
    
19. Vacant dwellings: Defined as the percentage of the total number of completed dwelling units which are presently unoccupied.
    
20. Overcrowding: Defined as the percentage of households who are in housing deemed to have too few bedrooms for a family of that type.
    
21. Indoor plumbing: Defined as the percentage of dwelling units which contain a complete unshared bathroom within the unit.

ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING

22. Housing production: total number of housing units (in both the formal and informal sectors) produced in the previous year per 1000 population.
    
23. Housing investment: total investment in housing (in both formal and informal sectors), as a percentage of gross domestic product.
    
24. Excessive housing expenditure: Defined as proportion of households in the bottom 40% of incomes who are spending more than 30% of their incomes on housing.
    
25. Economic share of housing: Defined as the proportion of national or city product due to rent or imputed rent of dwellings.
    
26. Transaction costs: Defined as proportion of the value of a median-priced formal sector house which must be spent to both buy and sell the house.
    
27. House price appreciation: Defined as the average annual real percentage rate of change of house prices over a five year period.

LAND

28. Land development multiplier: average ratio between the median land price of a developed plot at the urban fringe in a typical subdivision and the median price of raw, undeveloped land with planning approval in an area currently being developed.
    
29. Total land tenure: percentage of total land in the urban agglomeration and the metropolitan area with the following tenure status: (1) Public; (2) Semi-public; (3) Private; (4) Collective; (5) Other.
    
30. Land availability: Defined as the number of serviced blocks currently available divided by the present construction rate in dwellings per month (annual average).
    
31. Planning permission multiplier: Defined as the ratio between the median land price of an unserviced plot on the urban fringe given planning permission for residential development, and the median price of a nearby plot in rural/agricultural use without such permission.
    
32. Formal land transactions: Defined as the percentage of the metropolitan area covered by a land registration system which allows for buying, selling, long-term leasing, or mortgaging urban land.
    
33. Development time: Defined as the median length in months to get approvals, permits, and titles for a new medium-sized (50-200 unit) residential subdivision in an area at the urban fringe where residential development is permitted.
    
34. Cost recovery: Defined as the percentage of total infrastructure costs recovered by governments from new developments during the year.
    
35. Minimum lot size: Defined as the minimum lot size for a single family housing unit in a new 50-200 unit residential subdivision.
    
36. Land development controls: Defined as a composite of questions on land use and building code regulations

HOUSING FINANCE

37. Mortgage to credit ratio: ratio of total mortgage loans to all outstanding loans in both commercial and government financial institutions.
    
38. Mortgage loans to women: percentage of mortgage loans granted to women to all mortgage loans made last year.
    
39. Mortgage affordability: Defined as proportion of households who are eligible for and can afford the maximum loan on a median priced formal sector house.
    
40. Credit to value ratio: Defined as the ratio of new mortgage loans for housing last year to total investment in housing (in both the formal and informal sectors) last year.
    
41. Housing loans: Defined as the proportion of dwellings that have housing loans from the formal financial sector.
    
42. Mortgage-to-prime difference: Defined as the average difference in percentage points between interest rates on mortgages in both commercial and government financial institutions and the prime interest rate in the commercial banking system.
    
43. Mortgage-to-deposit difference: Defined as the average difference in percentage points between interest rates on mortgages in both commercial and government financial institutions and the interest rate on one-year deposits in the commercial banking system.
    
44. Arrears rate: Defined as the percentage of mortgage loans which are three or more months in arrears in both commercial and government financial institutions.

CONSTRUCTION

45. Construction cost: Defined as the present replacement cost (labour, materials, on-site infrastructure, management and contractor profits) per square meter of a median priced dwelling unit.
    
46. Construction time: Defined as the average time, in months, required to construct a median housing unit.
    
47. On-site productivity: Defined as the man-hours per square metre on a typical median-priced dwelling in the formal construction sector.
    
48. Industry concentration: Defined as the percentage of new formal-sector housing units placed on the market by the five largest developers (either private or public) last year.
    
49. Employment: Defined as the percentage of all employment that is engaged in the construction of residential dwelling units.
    
50. Wage labour: Defined as proportion of on-site building employees who are employed as wage labour.

TAXES AND SUBSIDIES

51. Effective taxation rate by tenure: Defined as the nett annual housing-related taxation per dwelling paid by households to governments, in US dollars, for : (a) owner occupied housing; (b) private rental housing; (c) public housing.
    
52. Nett housing outlays by government: Defined as the total expenditure by all levels of government on housing in the current year, nett of all housing related receipts from the public, taken as a percentage of total government expenditure.
    
53. Property tax rate: Defined as the percentage of the market value of the median-priced dwelling unit which is collected as annual property tax.

PUBLIC HOUSING

54. Public housing stock: Defined as the percentage of the total number of dwelling units in the urban area that is owned, managed and controlled by the public sector.
    
55. Privatised public stock: Defined as the percentage of the total number of dwelling units previously constructed or managed by the public sector that have been privatised.
    
56. Public housing production: Defined as the total production of public housing units as a fraction of all formal housing units produced during the year.
    
57. Social rent to income: Defined as the ratio of the median annual rent of a public housing dwelling unit and the median household income of renters of public housing.
    
58. Waiting time: Defined as the average time on waiting lists before allocation of public housing units.
    
59. Operating subsidies: Defined as the ratio of rent payments to operations costs for public housing.
    
60. Administrative costs: Defined as the administrative cost of operating public housing taken as a fraction of the estimated market rental value of the dwellings.
    
61. Tenant management: Defined as proportion of the social housing stock managed by tenants, completely, partly or jointly.

REGULATION

62. Rent control: Defined as the percentage of the rental stock, including public housing and informal rentals, under the coverage of a rent control system.
    
63. Rental eviction delay: Defined as the typical time in months, (from the initial proceedings, required) to evict a rental tenant for non-payment of rent.
    
64. Lease security: Defined as the proportion of private rental households who have a formal lease agreement with their landlord.
    
65. Mortgage foreclosures: Defined as the annual number of foreclosures per 10000 registered mortgages.

BASIC SERVICES

66. Cost to household income ratios: Defined as median expenditure on services divided by median household income for : a) water; (b) sewerage; (c) electricity.
    
67. Sources of water: Percentage of households obtaining water as a primary source from : (a) piped connection; (b) communal tap; (c) vendor or truck; (d) well, stream, lake or dam; (e) others.
    
68. Piped water supply reliability: Defined as average number of hours per year that households in the city are without piped water.
    
69. Water leakage: Defined as percentage of piped water unaccounted for and lost through leakage, seepage or unauthorised use.
    
70. Sewage disposal: Proportion of households with the following types of latrine facilities: (a) sewerage pipe; (b) under-ground-individual; (c) under-ground-communal; (d) pan collection; (e) open ground or trench; (f) other.
    
71. Public latrines: Defined as the number of public latrines per 10,000 population.
    
72. Electricity price: Defined as the price of electricity in US dollars per kwh.
    
73. Line losses: Defined as percentage of power supplied to the city that is unaccounted for or lost before reaching final destination.
    
74. Capacity to load ratio: Defined as peak load to certified capacity ratio.
    
75. Call completion rate: Defined as proportion of calls made which connect and are not interrupted.
    
76. Infrastructure expenditure: ratio of the total expenditures (operations, maintenance, and capital) by all levels of government on infrastructure services (roads, sewerage, drainage, water supply, electricity and garbage collection) during the current year.
    
77. Operating to staff ratios: Defined as proportion of operating costs spent on staff, for all authorities providing the following services in the metropolitan area: (a) water; (b) sewerage; (c) electricity.
    
78. New connections to staff ratios: Defined as number of new connections per annum divided by number of staff in supplying authorities for the following services: (a) water; (b) electricity; (c) telephone.
    
79. Revenue to operating cost ratios: Defined as percentage of all operating costs met from own-source revenues in the following services: (a) water; (b) sewerage.

HEALTH AND EDUCATION

80. Life expectancy at birth: Defined as expected number of years till death for a new-born child.
    
81. Adult literacy rate: Defined as proportion of adults who can read and write a simple paragraph about their everyday life.
    
82. Hospital beds: number of persons per hospital bed.
    
83. School classrooms: number of school children per classroom per school in : a) primary schools; b) secondary schools.
    
84. School enrollment rates: The percentage of children of eligible age, by sex, who are enrolled in : (a) primary school; (b) secondary school.
    
85. Expenditure on social services: Defined as the total expenditure, both capital and recurrent, public and private, on social services in US dollars per person.
    
86. Infectious diseases mortality : Defined as the proportion of deaths due to infectious diseases.
    
87. Tertiary graduates: Defined as the proportion of male graduates in all adult males, and female graduates in all adult females.

SOCIAL INTEGRATION

88. Refugees: Defined as percentage of the population who are refugees.
    
89. Deaths due to violence: Defined as the proportion of deaths in the city in the past three years that have occurred as a result of violence of all kinds.

POVERTY

90. Illiteracy of poor: Defined as the percentage of poor aged 15 and over who are illiterate.
    
91. Daily kilojoule supply of poor: Defined as the ratio of average food Calories consumed by poor to the average number of Calories needed to sustain a person at normal levels of activity and health.
    
92. Malnourished children under five: Defined as the percentage of children, from one to five years of age who are more than two standard deviations from the median weight for age of the reference population (or WHO standards).
    
93. Social safety net: Financial or other support provided locally or nationally for disadvantaged groups (check list).

AIR QUALITY

94. Emissions per capita: Total emissions in tonnes per capita per annum of : (a) SO2. ; (b) NOx; (c) CO2.
    
95. Acute respiratory deaths: Defined as percentage of deaths due to acute respiratory disease.
    

WATER QUALITY

96. Percent of BOD removed: Defined as average fraction of BOD removed in major wastewater receiving bodies
    
97. Cost of wastewater treatment: Defined as average cost in US dollars per cubic metre of water treated
    
98. Lowering of groundwater table: Defined as the lowering of the groundwater table in cm in the past year.
    
99. Waste water recycled: Defined as percentage of waste water re-used as 'grey water' for industrial processes or similar.
    
100. Level of treatment: Per cent of water subject to : (a) primary treatment; (b) secondary treatment; (c)tertiary treatment.

SOLID WASTES

101. 101. Solid waste generated: solid waste generated per person, in tonnes per annum.
     
102. Regular solid-waste collection: proportion of households enjoying regular solid waste collection service.
     
103. Biodegradable waste: Defined as percentage of all solid waste which is bio-degradable (composed of organic matter)
     
104. Recycling rate: Percentages of (a) paper, (b) glass, and (c) aluminium disposed which are recycled.
     
105. Average cost of waste disposal: Defined as cost in US dollars per tonne of solid waste disposal, for those wastes which are formally disposed through refuse collection.
     
106. Cost recovery: Defined as percentage of costs of formal waste disposal which is recovered as charges from producers of the waste.
     
107. Industrial waste generation: Generation per person per annum of : (a) industrial wastes; (b) toxic wastes; (c) radio-active wastes.

TRANSPORT

108. Expenditure in road infrastructure: per capita expenditure in US dollars on roads (three year average).
     
109. Automobile ownership: number of automobiles per 1000 population.
     110. Length of road per vehicle: Defined as total length of roads in km in the Urban Agglomeration.
     
110. Transport fatalities: Defined as the proportion of deaths per thousand in the last year from transport related causes.
     
111. Fuel price: Defined as the price in US cents per litre, including tax, of : (a) petrol (gasoline); (b) diesel; (c) LPG or CNG.
     
112. Transport household budget share: Proportion of total household income spent on all forms of travel by: (a) all households; (b) households below the poverty line.
     
113. Transport fuel consumption: Defined as the annual number of litres per person of transport fuel (excluding aviation fuel) consumed.
     
114. Road congestion: Defined as the proportion of roads with Volume/Capacity > 0.8 during peak hour.
     
115. Vehicles failing emission standards: Defined as proportion of road vehicles which do not meet local emission standards
     
116. Automobile fuel consumption: Average fuel consumption in litres per 100 km for automobiles for: (a) the whole fleet; (b) new cars.
     
117. Pedestrians killed: Defined as proportion of road fatalities who are pedestrians.
     
118. Public and mass transport seats: Defined as number of public transport seats per 1000 population.
     
119. Cost recovery from fares: Defined as the ratio of fares collected by public transport authorities to operating costs.

RESOURCES DEPLETION

121. 121. Energy usage per person: Defined as the total energy usage per annum per person in metric tonnes of coal equivalent.
     122. Fuelwood usage: Defined as fuelwood usage in tonnes per person per annum.
     123. Renewable energy usage: Defined as proportion of energy derived from renewable sources (hydro, wind, geothermal and solar electricity, combustion of animal wastes, fuelwood where this is being replaced through reforestation).
     124. Food consumption: Defined as daily Calorie consumption per person.

DISASTER MITIGATION

125. Housing destroyed: proportion (%) of the housing stock destroyed per thousand by natural or man-made disasters over the past ten years.
     
126. Disaster mortality: Defined as proportion of deaths during last ten years which are due to natural disasters.
     
127. Housing on fragile land: Defined as the number of dwellings in the city which are located on land which is subject to natural disasters.
     
128. Fatal industrial accidents: Defined as number of deaths from industrial accidents during last year.

URBAN ENHANCEMENT

129. Green space: Defined as percentage of green space in built up area.
130. Monument list: Defined as number of buildings in city on heritage or monument lists.

PRODUCTIVITY

131. City investment: Defined as gross capital formation in the city, divided by city product.
     
132. Airport activity: Defined as the average monthly number of passengers having used the airport (both for departure and arrivals) during the year.

EMPLOYMENT

133. Employment growth: Defined as the average annual growth rate of the number of (formally) employed men and women, aged 15 and above, during the last 5 years.
     
134. Child labour: Defined as the number of employed or economically active persons under 15 years of age.
     
135. Minimum wage coverage: Defined as the proportion of the economically active population whose wage or salary income is covered by minimum wage legislation.

LOCAL FINANCE

136. Debt service charge ratio: total principal and interest repaid, including bond maturations, as a percentage of total expenditure by local governments.
     
137. Local government employees: total local government employees per 1000 population.
     
138. Personnel expenditure ratio: proportion of recurrent expenditure spent on wage costs.
     
139. Contracted recurrent expenditure ratio: proportion of recurrent expenditure spent on contracted activity.
     
140. Change in real per capita total income: Average annual change in real per capita income over a three-year period.
     
141. Change in real per capita own-source revenues: Defined as average annual change in real per-capita own-source revenues over a three-year period.

LOCAL PARTICIPATION

142. Elected and nominated councillors: Defined as total number of elected and of nominated local government representatives by sex, per 10000 metropolitan population.
     
143. Voter participation rates: Defined as percentage of adult (male and female) population (having reached voting age) who voted in the last municipal election.
     
144. Number of associations per 10 000 population: Defined as number of voluntary non-profit organisations, including NGOs, political sporting or social organisations, registered or with premises in the city, per 10 000 population.
     
145. Decentralised district units: Defined as number of separate local governments or administrative units (quarters, wards, regions or similar) which are responsible for provision of more than two local services.

TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY

146. Civil service pay gap: percentage difference between the average income of civil servants (municipality and local police) and the average income at the city level.